Late Pleistocene tephras and pollen fossils found in the vicinity of Mt. Kushigata, the Koma Mountains in central Japan
S1: Geomorphological map in the vicinity of Mt. Kushigata, the Koma Mountains in central Japan
Geomorphic setting of the study site, Mt. Kushigata. The background map of slope inclination image was constructed using a 5-m grid DTM from the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. Active fault traces (red solid line) are from Nakata and Imaizumi (2002).
S2: Microscopic images of the typical glass shards preserved in the tephra layers found in the Koma Mountains, central Japan
Photos of volcanic glass shards in the samples. The morphological classification of glass shard refers here by Kishi and Miyawaki (1996), incorporating the chunky (ch) type that reflects quench fragmentation (Machida and Arai, 2003).
S3: Pollen and spore in the peat layers found in the nearby Tatenuma on the eastern flank of Mt. Kushigata, the Koma Mountains in central Japan
Pollen and spore in the peat layers. The peat samples collected from the layers (Fig. 2, TTN-P1, TTN-P2) at the Loc. TTN (Fig. 1−B) were aliquoted in centrifuge tubes with a weight of 2–3 g. The samples were deflocculated in heated 10% KOH solution, and then rinsed with water, removing the detritus by leaching for 1h in 46% HF solution. The organic fraction was then extracted by centrifuging the sample with ZnBr2 solution (2.1 g cm-3), suspending it in the tube. The residue was washed with water, then dehydrated with acetic acid, followed by dissolving the cellulose with acetolysis solution. We prepared the specimens by sealing the washed residue with drops of glycerin. The specimens were observed under a microscope, counting pollens and spores until over 200 arboreal pollens were identified.
S4: Diagram of pollen and spore in the peat layers found in the nearby Tatenuma on the eastern flank of Mt. Kushigata, the Koma Mountains in central Japan
Diagram of pollen and spore in the peat layers. This diagram indicates the percentage of arboreal pollen that is produced by the total count of arboreal pollen, and the percentage of non-arboreal pollen and fern spore that are based on the sum of pollen and spore. The taxa hyphenated in the appendix denote those that prove difficult to distinguish by themselves. The pollen of the Moraceae, Rosaceae and Leguminosae are classified here as non-arboreal pollen since the difficulty to distinguish the origin of the pollens.
S5: Microscopic images of typical pollen fossils in the peat layers found in the nearby Tatenuma on the eastern flank of Mt. Kushigata, the Koma Mountains in central Japan
Photos of pollens in the peat layers. (A) Picea, (B) Tsuga, (C) Pinus subgen. Haploxylon, (D) Abies, (E) Betula, (F) Alnus, (G) Eriocaulon, (H) Cyperaceae. Sample ID used for the image capture: (A) TTN-P2, (B) TTN-P2, (C) TTN-P1, (D) TTN-P2, (E) TTN-P1, (F) TTN-P1, (G) TTN-P1, (H) TTN-P1. Specimen numbers of the pollen fossils: (A) PLC. 1942, (B) PLC. 1943, (C) PLC. 1944, (D) PLC. 1945, (E) PLC. 1946, (F) PLC. 1947, (G) PLC. 1948, (H) PLC. 1949.
Funding
Rebuilding Quaternary geology and geomorphology in the Japanese Alps with special reference to landslide activities since the Last Glacial period
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
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Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
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Formation and development history of mountain weight deformation landforms based on chronology using continuous volcanic ash analysis
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
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