Kinetic Effect of Local pH on High-Voltage Aqueous Sodium-Ion Batteries (Supporting Information)

The local pH values in the close vicinity of the cathode/anode were experimentally determined to be strongly acidic/weakly basic, respectively, under the operation of a high-voltage aqueous sodium-ion battery having Prussian blue-type electrodes and a concentrated aqueous electrolyte. The observed pH gradient was ascribed to O₂/H₂ evolution at cathode/anode in aqueous cells, which should contribute to the expansion of electrochemical window if the pH gradient is maintained. An increase in the distance between the cathode and anode proved to be one of possible solution to suppress the undesired pH neutralization. On the other hand, the reduction of water as well as the dissolved O₂ in the electrolyte may diminish the capacity of the anode by a self-discharge. This became more pronounced if the full cell was left to stand for a longer time after charging.