Environmental emissions of apple fruits exported from Japan to Taiwan

1. Emissions factors of fossil fuels

Table S1 Emission factors of use of fossil fuels

(EAEF160101_Table_S1.csv)

2. Emissions from application of fertilizers and pesticides

2.1. Emissions of nitrous components from application of fertilizer

IDEA ver.2 Database contains “Nitrogen emissions to water” and “N2O emissions to air” related to application of fertilizer (See Table S2). Please note that there is lack of data about NH3 emission to air and phosphorus emission to water from application of fertilizer in the IDEA data base. 

2.2 Emissions from application of pesticides

We calculate the emissions of pesticide and disinfectant as 10 % is emitted to air, 85 % to soil, and 5 % stays on the plant according to Audsley et al. (2003) as applied in, among others, Goossens et al. (2017). The MiLCA software ver2 contain no data related to the emission of herbicide to air. Therefore, in the calculation of the herbicide, 95 % to soil, and 5 % stays on the plant was assumed. 

Table S2 Emissions from application of fertilizers and pesticides (rescaled to the FU of 1 g of fresh apple)

(EAEF160101_Table_S2.csv)

1) IDEA ver.2 Database (Inventory Database for Environmental Analysis), accessed through MiLCA software ver. 2.2 (AIST and SuMPO, Japan).

2) The data utilization rules of the IDEA database prohibit the directly use of the values in any publications.

3. Heavy metal emissions from fertilizer use

The heavy metal emissions to soil and water from fertilizer use were calculated using the formulae listed in the study of Goossens et al. (2017) The input data of heavy metal emissions to soil and groundwater were referred from the previous study (Goossens et al., 2017) considering with the average yield (20.0 t apple / ha) from IDEA ver.2 Database (AIST and SuMPO, Japan). The obtained data are listed in the following Table S3.

Table S3 Heavy metal emissions from fertilizer use

(EAEF160101_Table_S3.csv)